• Retinopathy - may deteriorate in pregnancy in association
with improved glycaemic control.
- Regular ophthalmic assessment with
laser treatment as required
• Nephropathy - presents with proteinuria.
- Serum creatinine and electrolytes usually remain within normal limits
• Autonomic neuropathy may present with persistent nausea and vomiting (Gastropathy)
• Detect and treat hypertension / change medication -
discontinue ACE
inhibitors (impair fetal renal function), beta-blockers associated with
fetal growth restriction
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